Studies of the Effects of Gravitational and Inertial Forces on Cardiovascular and Respiratory Dynamics

Ritman EL, Johnson SA, Sturm RE, Wood EH: The television camera in dynamic video angiography Three characteristics of conventional television cameras—image integration and storage, interlaced scanning, and image retention—make these cameras unsuitable for dynamic angiography. Use of noninterlaced scanning and synchronized 60/sec pulsed operation of the x-ray source avoids degradation of temporal resolution caused by image integration and provides discrete video images at 60/sec if cameras with minimal image retention are used. Image orthicon, lead monoxide vidicon, and silicon diode integrated target epicon camera tubes have less than 10% image retention after single scans and are suitable for angiography. Stop-action photographs of television displays confirm the poor temporal resolution of conventional cameras.